Riemann Sums and The Trapezoidal Rule

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Riemann Sums, you remember these little guys? The first time you saw them was when you first began doing integrals. A Riemann sum is a way of approximating the area underneath the curve by breaking it up into sections. Sometimes the sections are rectangles, sometimes they are trapezoids.

So you did a bunch of work on Riemann Sums, you struggled, you fought with them. Then you learnt how to do integrals the quick way, and you completely forgot about Riemann Sums. We are here to pat your back up today. So we are got a lovely joke for you here.

What do you get when you divide a jackal hunter by pie? Pumpkin pie.

上下黎曼总和里曼总和有许多不同的口味。现在，您实际上可能不必在您永远不知道的AP测试中计算其中的任何一个。但是，如果这样做，您需要做好准备。您需要知道什么是不同的类型。因为在另一种问题中，您可能会被问到只是要求您比较总和的相对大小。首先，我们将解决上下黎曼的总和。

Remember how a Riemann sum, what you did was you divided the shape up into sections, vertical sections. A lot of times you picked even sections maybe with a width of 1 or a width of 2. They don?t really have to be even though. I can just pick anything I want. I?ll take this point here. I?ll take that point, I'll take that point and I?ll do this one right here. And then draw it vertically upwards the function. If you were actually going to do the calculations, what you?d have to do then is find out how high this is, because you are going to figure area of sub sections.

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For the upper Riemann sum what you did then, was you drew your rectangles, so they were all above the function. Going from here to there gives you one. Here to there and then down gives you your next rectangle, over here to there next rectangle. So we?ve divided the interval between here and here into three different rectangles. If you find the area of all those rectangles, and add them up you?ve got a really bad approximation for the area underneath the curve.

那是在里曼上部总和，太大了。较低的Riemann和使用相同的斑点。但是，我们没有为上面绘制矩形，而是在下面绘制它们。这次我们将不得不使用它。因为对于较低的Riemann总和，它们将被划在底面上。我要开始这里以更有意义。

For this one here you would draw underneath and that?s one of the sections we are doing to area on. Then you draw underneath this one, there?s the next section. For the next one, notice I?m using the left side this time. I have to use the left side and my rectangle actually doesn?t even have any height, because this is right at 0,0.

但是，无论如何，如果您发现这两个矩形的区域，并将它们添加到曲线下方的区域。这次是一个非常糟糕的近似。左右Riemann总和只是命名通过在上方或下方进行矩形制成的命名的一种不同的方法。但是这次，您不必担心该部分是在上方还是以下，而只需查看您是否要从左侧还是右侧填充。

Notice this time I?ve got a different function. This one is underneath the x axis instead of above.

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Let me take a couple of intervals. Draw in the vertical lines. If I was to do that the upper sum, I?d be doing rectangles that all fit above. If I did the lower sum, I do rectangles that fit below. For the left sum, you do your rectangles based on the left side. So based on the left side, for this particular section, its left corner is here. In this section its left corner is here. And in this section its left corner is at 0,0. So it?s a rectangle that again has no height.

如果您要提起此定义，那将被称为左和。如果您要这样做，它将称为上限。因此，不要误以为左右总和总是更大或更小的错误。您需要实际查看功能在哪里，以查看其中哪一个更大或更小。在这种情况下，左和将结果是小于右和小额的总和。

When I do the right sum, you take your rectangles. But this time you are draw them from the right hand side. So you get a bigger rectangle with more area another bigger rectangle with more area. And another bigger rectangle with more area. So in this case, if you are asked to compare them, you would say that the left Riemann sum is smaller than the right Riemann sum. Left Riemann sum is an underestimate, and the right Riemann sum is an overestimate.

The next way you can do a Riemann sum is as a midpoint a midpoint sum. Let?s take a look at one of those. Riemann sum we are still drawing rectangles, we are still going to find their areas. We are still going to add up those areas to get an approximation for the area underneath the curve.

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我会选择我的小节，这次我会去找到中点。您需要转到中点。我会将其绘制为虚线，所以它不会太混乱，因为它们将是矩形。中间和2之间的中间是1。向上绘制。那将是高度。如果您实际上要计算此功能，则必须按点进行平均值，然后将结果放入公式中，以找到我们用于中点Riemann Sum的第一个矩形的高度。

Next one, between 2 and 4 us 3, draw it straight upwards. If you find that height, it will be the height of the rectangle from the second subsection. And that is the next part of the point Riemann sum. Next between 4 and 8 the average of those two. Remember that?s the quick way to find the midpoint. Just do the average. 4 plus 8 over 2 is 6. Draw a straight up. That location is the height of the next rectangle. Draw across and we have the next section in the midpoint Riemann sum.

In this case, the upper sum would be too high, the lower sum would be too small. The midpoint sum is more like the goldilocks of Riemann Sums. It?s just right not quite just right but it is a lot better.

Notice this area right here is overestimate, but it?s kind of being stopped by this underestimate. Over estimate, underestimate. Overestimate underestimate.

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So this one is probably a fairly good approximation for the area underneath the curve. But don?t make this mistake. Don?t assume that the midpoint sum is the average of the upper and lower sums. It usually isn?t.

Trapezoidal sums are the next kind of sums that you can do. Now these aren't Riemann Sums. They have a different way of organizing your graph so that you get usually a pretty good estimate of the area underneath the curve. Trapezoidal sums. It is what it says. You actually do trapezoids and don?t feel like you are stopped, don?t feel like you are trapped. It?s just a trapezoid, you?ve been doing them since geometry.

但是您首先挑选时间间隔。我以前做过的方式，选择您的间隔。而且，如果您实际上要进行梯形总和，您会发现坐标，端点，x和y坐标。

Instead of drawing rectangles we are going to draw trapezoids. Trapezoids also have parallel sides. Here is a set of parallel sides. But the other side?s aren?t necessarily parallel. There is the next side of the trapezoid, and straight between here, and here is the last side of the trapezoid. The area of the trapezoid is ½ sum of the bases times the height of the trapezoid.

这里的好处是，由于我们通过绘制垂直线路进行这些总和，因此垂直线总是垂直于X轴。喜欢简单的几件事。它可以保证它们是平行的，并且还告诉您，间隔的宽度实际上只是梯形的高度。现在，这可能会令人困惑，因为您习惯于认为高度是向上和下降，高度是上下的。

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No it?s not. In geometry it?s not up and down. Height is the distance between bases. But you know we could go on from here, if we found this height, we would have base 1. If we found this height we have base 2. We could substitute in to the formula, and we would have the area of that sub section. Let?s draw in the other subsections now.

Between here and here it?s not a trapezoid, it?s actually a triangle. But you could actually just use the trapezoid formula. This base right here will be called base 2 and this location isn?t a line. It?s just a point. But you could still call it base 1 and say that the length of base 1 is a 0.

现在，这是有趣的事情。这将要做的是稍后出现时，当我们为梯形总和制作组合公式时。但是，请记住这一点，就在此处，本节就在这里，分享一方。

本节的基础2是本节的基础1。这必须稍后制成一个凝结的公式。下一节看起来像这样。下一节看起来像这样，因此您有4个梯形，在这种情况下，它将是曲线的非常好的近似值。它仍然有点低估。因为在所有梯形上都有区域，但还不错。梯形再次总和它们总是低估了。有时它们可​​能被高估。

Time for a better practice. The AP tests very often will ask you to deal with trapezoidal sums. Recent practice test that have been issued tend to show a lot of trapezoidal problems. We are going to concentrate on those in this section.

So this problem asked you to do use a trapezoidal sum with three sub intervals to estimate area underneath the curve between t equals 0, and t equals 3.

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This is something that you might see on free response section. If you do, make sure that you do good notes of what you are dealing with. Because they are going to try to check for your understanding. And to show that you understand this in your graph, you need to show some work.

因此，我将从图表开始，这应该在0到3之间进行。只要他们能阅读它，就必须是一个非常漂亮的图表，这是他们真正关心的一切。1、2、3在图上放了一个比例，总是需要一个比例。其中x为x和y，函数值在0到1.68之间。那里缺少一些东西，我们必须在一秒钟内处理。也许我们应该首先处理这一点，因为我们需要知道如何制作图形。我们需要该功能值。

They may give you all of them, or they may ask you to calculate some. It?s really not that hard. You just put 2.5 into the formula. So you would have 2 sine of 2.5. Calculate your value. I worked that one in advance f(2.5) is about 1.20.

Notice all these decimals. If it?s got these kind of decimals its probably going to be on a calculator section of the test. And you might have a trapezoidal sum on non calculator section, but then they're going to make the numbers easy to deal with.

So I have to go as high as 1.68, only this time I think what I?ll do is, I?ll make each subsection worth 0.5. That way we can make the graph a little bit bigger. A little bit easier to read. You don?t have to have even intervals, even scale from top to bottom.